La vinculación entre la exposición a partículas finas en ambientes interiores y las afecciones respiratorias: revisión de la evidencia y análisis crítico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71068/gps00003Palabras clave:
partículas finas, PM2, 5, contaminación del aire interior, afecciones respiratorias, humo de biomasa, infancia.Resumen
Las personas transitan la mayor parte de su tiempo en espacios cerrados, y la calidad del aire que respiran en ellos ha pasado a ocupar un lugar central en la agenda de la salud pública mundial. A partir de la producción científica del periodo 2019 a 2023, esta investigación examina la vinculación entre la exposición a partículas finas en ambientes interiores y las afecciones respiratorias, mediante una revisión bibliográfica orientada a las bases Scopus y SciELO que culminó en un corpus depurado de publicaciones elegibles sometidas a análisis temático de contenido. Los resultados muestran que la combustión de biomasa, el humo de tabaco ambiental, la cocción de alimentos y la ventilación deficiente determinan concentraciones interiores de PM2,5 con frecuencia superiores a las guías internacionales; que esas exposiciones se asocian con infecciones respiratorias agudas, sibilancias, asma, deterioro de la función pulmonar y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica; y que los mecanismos de estrés oxidativo e inflamación medían buena parte de esos efectos, mientras que las intervenciones de reducción de emisiones interiores muestran beneficios consistentes. Se concluye que la evidencia respalda una asociación consistente entre las partículas finas interiores y la morbilidad respiratoria, con efectos pronunciados en la infancia, en las mujeres expuestas a biomasa y en las poblaciones latinoamericanas de menores recursos.
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Derechos de autor 2023 Juan Carlos Villacrés Peñafiel (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
